The civil services examination is basically a test to choose suitable administrators. It tests the candidate right from the stage when one starts the preparation. One common misconception about the prelims is that it is a test of facts and figures. This is not so. A candidate should have the right frame of mind and the will power to succeed in the exam. A proper action plan is needed for the preparation itself since he /she will be tested for some essential qualities like power of retention, clarity of concepts, ability to identify the correct alternatives with efficiency and accuracy. All this requires a quick decision making power. Since the preliminary exam in particular is a test of endurance the candidate needs to prepare himself on the physical as well as mental level. The main constraint is the time one gets to answer questions. On an average one gets around 40 seconds for each general Studies question and around 50 seconds for each optional question. Added to this time constraint is the fact that the exam is conducted in the month of May which is usually the hottest month all over the country. Most of the centres for the exam do not have proper facilities which adds to the stress. One sure way of dealing with this stress is to count numbers or to take a few deep breaths. Meditation and Yoga also help in dealing with stress to a great extent.
Now we come to the actual preparation for the prelims exam. Since it is a multiple choice question paper, it needs a different preparation and a proper strategy. The first thing a candidate needs to bear in mind is that the examination is designed to evaluate certain qualities like a sharp memory and basic retention power. There are ways to increase one's memory like preparing charts. One gets confused when faced with mind boggling facts and figures. Important facts and figures can be simplified and represented on charts and they can arranged in the form of tables or graphs. Another thing to remember is to make short and brief notes on each topic so that the entire syllabus can be revised a day before the exam. It is better to use diagrams and link words which make it easier to understand difficult concepts. One more technique to help in retaining information is the use of abbreviations. Since the syllabus involves exhaustive information abbreviations help you to remember it better. It is a good method to remember dates, facts and figures in a picture format and to break up complex names and places into smaller and simpler words. The last and the most important technique is doing regular revision. This helps in retaining the maximum information. A separate time slot should be given to doing not only regular but multiple revisions like daily, weekly, monthly etc.
Many candidates make a mistake of overloading themselves with lots of information and end up remembering nothing. One should be able to differentiate between relevant and irrelevant information. Since the preliminary exam is an elimination round the candidate should also learn to focus only on the information needed and filter out the rest. It helps to discuss with friends and teachers but the most reliable way is to past years question papers for the optional subject whereas for the general studies paper, one should keep abreast with current events and information related to them.
An important thing to remember is that for this exam it is just enough to remember information but to understand the concepts well instead of memorizing facts and figures. The questions asked in the General Studies paper are of 10+2 level whereas for the optional subject it is graduation level. Therefore emphasis has to be on conceptual clarity. Any concept has to be understood with its origin, merits and de-merits, then it needs to be analysed with other relevant topics and lastly it has to be correlated with the events that have taken place during the year.
The preliminary exam requires candidates who have the acumen and the ability to choose the right option of many given options. This needs a proper method of elimination. It is a good idea to go through previous years and model question papers and solve as many as possible. Taking a mock test of a certain number of G.S. questions and optional questions would be a good practice and help to pick out the most appropriate option.
Each prelims paper is for two hours but a lot of time is wasted in signing attendance sheets etc, therefore there is a lot of need for effective Time Management not only for the exam but in the preparation as well. It is not enough to know the right answer but it has to be marked correctly on the answer sheet. Speed and Accuracy are important, so solving model question papers on a regular basis would be a great help.
A good presence of mind is needed to eliminate the least appropriate options and arrive at the right one. Tick out the least correct answer first and go on to the next option. Even when faced with a question for which you do not have a ready answer, with basic common sense and a good presence of mind, it is possible to make your guess a smart and a correct one.
Throughout the preparation for the prelims exam, it is important to remember that any topic or concept should not be studied in isolation. It is better to understand and establish a correlation between related concepts from other subjects and current events and happenings.
Even with all this preparation, it is necessary to have a positive attitude and a great amount of will power to succeed to achieve your goal,that of getting through the civil services examination with flying colors!
Tuesday, August 10, 2010
QUAID-I-AZAM, MOHAMMAD ALI JINNAH
12 S. First Street, Suite 600 , San Jose, CA 95113
Tel: (408) 294-0404 Fax: (408) 294 6659
Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Jinnah DVD Upcoming Shikwa Sessions
Quaid-i-Azam, Founding Father of Pakistan
(December 25, 1876 - September 11, 1948)
FAMILY
Father: Jinnah Poonja. One of eight children. Married Emibai in 1892 (she died 1893). Married Ratanbai 'Ruttie' Petit, daughter of Sir Dinshaw Petit, a wealthy Bombay Parsee, in 1918. Ruttie died in 1929. Daughter: Dina Wadia (married to Neville Wadia, a Christian).
EDUCATION
Sindh Madrasstul Islam, Karachi
Gokal Das Tej Pal School, Bombay
Christian Missionary Society High School, Karachi, 1891
Bar-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn, London, 1895
POSITIONS HELD
Legal practice, Bombay, 1897
Imperial Legislative Council, 1910-1919
Elected member of All-India Muslim League, 1915
Participates in Round Table Conference(s), 1930
(Settles in London, 1931-34)
President, League's Lucknow Session, 1937
President, League's Lahore Session; 'Lahore Resolution' adopted, 1940
Pakistan's first Governor-General, 1947
Earlier Life
Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25th December 1876 at Vazeer Mansion Karachi, was the first of seven children of Jinnah bhai, a prosperous merchant. After being taught at home, Jinnah was sent to the Sindh Madrasah High School in 1887. Later he attended the Mission High School, where, at the age of 16, he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay. On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to England to acquire business experience. Jinnah, however, had made up his mind to become a barrister. In keeping with the custom of the time, his parents arranged for an early marriage for him before he left for England.
Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25th December 1876 at Vazeer Mansion Karachi, was the first of seven children of Jinnah bhai, a prosperous merchant. After being taught at home, Jinnah was sent to the Sindh Madrasah High School in 1887. Later he attended the Mission High School, where, at the age of 16, he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay. On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to England to acquire business experience. Jinnah, however, had made up his mind to become a barrister. In keeping with the custom of the time, his parents arranged for an early marriage for him before he left for England.
In London he joined Lincoln's Inn, one of the legal societies that prepared students for the bar. In 1895, at the age of 19, he was called to the bar. While in London Jinnah suffered two severe bereavements--the deaths of his wife and his mother. Nevertheless, he completed his formal studies and also made a study of the British political system, frequently visiting the House of Commons. He was greatly influenced by the liberalism of William E. Gladstone, who had become prime minister for the fourth time in 1892, the year of Jinnah's arrival in London. Jinnah also took a keen interest in the affairs of India and in Indian students. When the Parsi leader Dada bhai Naoroji, a leading Indian nationalist, ran for the English Parliament, Jinnah and other Indian students worked day and night for him. Their efforts were crowned with success, and Naoroji became the first Indian to sit in the House of Commons.
When Jinnah returned to Karachi in 1896, he found that his father's business had suffered losses and that he now had to depend on himself. He decided to start his legal practice in Bombay, but it took him years of work to establish himself as a lawyer.
It was nearly 10 years later that he turned toward active politics. A man without hobbies, his interest became divided between law and politics. Nor was he a religious zealot: he was a Muslim in a broad sense and had little to do with sects. His interest in women was also limited to Ruttenbai, the daughter of Sir Dinshaw Petit, a Bombay Parsi millionaire--whom he married over tremendous opposition from her parents and others. The marriage proved an unhappy one. It was his sister Fatima who gave him solace and company.
Entry into politics
Jinnah first entered politics by participating in the 1906 Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress, the party that called for dominion status and later for independence for India. Four years later he was elected to the Imperial Legislative Council--the beginning of a long and distinguished parliamentary career. In Bombay he came to know, among other important Congress personalities, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, the eminent Maratha leader. Greatly influenced by these nationalist politicians, Jinnah aspired during the early part of his political life to become "a Muslim Gokhale." Admiration for British political institutions and an eagerness to raise the status of India in the international community and to develop a sense of Indian nationhood among the peoples of India were the chief elements of his politics. At that time, he still looked upon Muslim interests in the context of Indian nationalism.
But, by the beginning of the 20th century, the conviction had been growing among the Muslims that their interests demanded the preservation of their separate identity rather than amalgamation in the Indian nation that would for all practical purposes be Hindu. Largely to safeguard Muslim interests, the All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906. But Jinnah remained aloof from it. Only in 1913, when authoritatively assured that the league was as devoted as the Congress to the political emancipation of India, did Jinnah join the league. When the Indian Home Rule League was formed, he became its chief organizer in Bombay and was elected president of the Bombay branch.
"Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity." Jinnah's endeavors to bring about the political union of Hindus and Muslims earned him the title of "the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity," an epithet coined by Gokhale.
It was largely through his efforts that the Congress and the Muslim League began to hold their annual sessions jointly, to facilitate mutual consultation and participation. In 1915 the two organizations held their meetings in Bombay and in 1916 in Lucknow, where the Lucknow Pact was concluded. Under the terms of the pact, the two organizations put their seal to a scheme of constitutional reform that became their joint demand vis-à-vis the British government. There was a good deal of give and take, but the Muslims obtained one important concession in the shape of separate electorates, already conceded to them by the government in 1909 but hitherto resisted by the Congress Meanwhile, a new force in Indian politics had appeared in the person of Mohan Das K. Gandhi. Both the Home Rule League and the Indian National Congress had come under his sway. Opposed to Gandhi's Non-co-operation Movement and his essentially Hindu approach to politics, Jinnah left both the League and the Congress in 1920. For a few years he kept himself aloof from the main political movements. He continued to be a firm believer in Hindu-Muslim unity and constitutional methods for the achievement of political ends. After his withdrawal from the Congress, he used the Muslim League platform for the propagation of his views. But during the 1920s the Muslim League, and with it Jinnah, had been overshadowed by the Congress and the religiously oriented Muslim Khilafat committee.
When the failure of the Non-co-operation Movement and the emergence of Hindu revivalist movements led to antagonism and riots between the Hindus and Muslims, the league gradually began to come into its own. Jinnah's problem during the following years was to convert the league into an enlightened political body prepared to co-operate with other organizations working for the good of India. In addition, he had to convince the Congress, as a prerequisite for political progress, of the necessity of settling the Hindu-Muslim conflict.
To bring about such a rapprochement was Jinnah's chief purpose during the late 1920s and early 1930s. He worked toward this end within the legislative assembly, at the Round Table Conferences in London (1930-32), and through his 14 points, which included proposals for a federal form of government, greater rights for minorities, one-third representation for Muslims in the central legislature, separation of the predominantly Muslim Sindh region from the rest of the Bombay province, and the introduction of reforms in the north-west Frontier Province. But he failed. His failure to bring about even minor amendments in the Nehru Committee proposals (1928) over the question of separate electorates and reservation of seats for Muslims in the legislatures frustrated him. He found himself in a peculiar position at this time; many Muslims thought that he was too nationalistic in his policy and that Muslim interests were not safe in his hands, while the Indian National Congress would not even meet the moderate Muslim demands halfway. Indeed, the Muslim League was a house divided against itself. The Punjab Muslim League repudiated Jinnah's leadership and organized itself separately. In disgust, Jinnah decided to settle in England. From 1930 to 1935 he remained in London, devoting himself to practice before the Privy Council. But when constitutional changes were in the offing, he was persuaded to return home to head a reconstituted Muslim League.
Soon preparations started for the elections under the Government of India Act of 1935. Jinnah was still thinking in terms of co-operation between the Muslim League and the Hindu Congress and with coalition governments in the provinces. But the elections of 1937 proved to be a turning point in the relations between the two organizations The Congress obtained an absolute majority in six provinces, and the league did not do particularly well. The Congress decided not to include the league in the formation of provincial governments, and exclusive all-Congress governments were.
Jinnah had originally been dubious about the practicability of Pakistan, an idea that Sir Muhammad Iqbal had propounded to the Muslim League conference of 1930; but before long he became convinced that a Muslim homeland on the Indian subcontinent was the only way of safeguarding Muslim interests and the Muslim way of life. It was not religious persecution that he feared so much as the future exclusion of Muslims from all prospects of advancement within India as soon as power became vested in the close-knit structure of Hindu social organization. To guard against this danger he carried on a nation-wide campaign to warn his coreligionists of the perils of their position, and he converted the Muslim League into a powerful instrument for unifying the Muslims into a nation.
The Creator of Pakistan
At this point, Jinnah emerged as the leader of a renascent Muslim nation. Events began to move fast. On March 22-23, 1940, in Lahore, the league adopted a resolution to form a separate Muslim state, Pakistan. The Pakistan idea was first ridiculed and then tenaciously opposed by the Congress. But it captured the imagination of the Muslims. Pitted against Jinnah were men of the stature of Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. And the British government seemed to be intent on maintaining the political unity of the Indian subcontinent. But Jinnah led his movement with such skill and tenacity that ultimately both the Congress and the British government had no option but to agree to the partitioning of India. Pakistan thus emerged as an independent state in 14th August, 1947.
Jinnah became the first head of the new state i.e. Pakistan. He took oath as the first governor general on August 15, 1947. Faced with the serious problems of a young nation, he tackled Pakistan's problems with authority.
He was not regarded as merely the governor-general; he was revered as the father of the nation. He worked hard until overpowered by age and disease in Karachi. He died on 11th September 1948 at Karachi.
FIRST LEADER OF A NEWLY BORN STATE
In recognition of his singular contribution, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah was nominated by the Muslim League as the Governor-General of Pakistan, while the Congress appointed Mountbatten as India's first Governor-General. Pakistan, it has been truly said, was born in virtual chaos. Indeed, few nations in the world have started on their career with less resourcesand in more treacherous circumstances. The new nation did not inherit a central government, a capital, an administrative core,or an organized defense force. Its social and administrative resources were poor;there was little equipment and still less statistics. The Punjab holocaust had left vast areas in a shambles with communications disrupted. This, alongwith the en masse migration of the Hindu and Sikh business and managerial classes, left the economy almost shattered.
The treasury was empty, India having denied Pakistan the major share of its cash balances.On top of all this, the still unorganized nation was called upon to feed some eight million refugees who had fled the insecurities and barbarities of the north Indian plains that long, hot summer. If all this was symptomatic of Pakistan's administrative and economic weakness, the Indian annexation, through military action in November 1947, of Junagadh (which had originally acceded to Pakistan) and the Kashmir war over the State's accession (October 1947-December 1948) exposed her military weakness. In the circumstances, therefore, it was nothing short of a miracle that Pakistan survived at all. That it survived and forged ahead was mainly due to one man-Mohammed Ali Jinnah. The nation desperately needed in the person of a charismatic leader at that critical juncture in the nation's history, and he fulfilled that need profoundly. After all, he was more than a mere Governor-General: he was the Quaid-e-Azam who had brought the State into being.
In the ultimate analysis, his very presence at the helm of affairs was responsible for enabling the newly born nation to overcome the terrible crisis on the morrow of its cataclysmic birth. He mustered up the immense prestige and the unquestioning loyalty he commanded among the people to energize them, to raise their morale, land directed the profound feelings of patriotism that the freedom had generated, along constructive channels. Though tired and in poor health, Jinnah yet carried the heaviest part of the burden in that first crucial year. He laid down the policies of the new state, called attention to the immediate problems confronting the nation and told the members of the Constituent Assembly, the civil servants and the Armed Forces what to do and what the nation expected of them. He saw to it that law and order was maintained at all costs, despite the provocation that the large-scale riots in north India had provided. He moved from Karachi to Lahore for a while and supervised the immediate refugee problem in the Punjab. In a time of fierce excitement, he remained sober, cool and steady. He advised his excited audience in Lahore to concentrate on helping the refugees,to avoid retaliation, exercise restraint and protect the minorities. He assured the minorities of a fair deal, assuaged their inured sentiments, and gave them hope and comfort. He toured the various provinces, attended to their particular problems and instilled in the people a sense of belonging. He reversed the British policy in the North-West Frontier and ordered the withdrawal of the troops from the tribal territory of Waziristan, thereby making the Pathans feel themselves an integral part of Pakistan's body-politics. He created a new Ministry of States and Frontier Regions, and assumed responsibility for ushering in a new era in Balochistan. He settled the controversial question of the states of Karachi, secured the accession of States, especially of Kalat which seemed problematical and carried on negotiations with Lord Mountbatten for the settlement of the Kashmir Issue.
MESSAGE OF JINNAH
It was, therefore, with a sense of supreme satisfaction at the fulfillment of his mission that Jinnah told the nation in his last message on 14 August, 1948: "The foundations of your State have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as quickly and as well as you can". In accomplishing the task he had taken upon himself on the morrow of Pakistan's birth, Jinnah had worked himself to death, but he had, to quote Richard Simons, "contributed more than any other man to Pakistan's survival". He died on 11 September, 1948. How true was Lord Pethick Lawrence, the former Secretary of State for India, when he said, "Gandhi died by the hands of an assassin; Jinnah died by his devotion to Pakistan".
The Agha Khan considered him "the greatest man he ever met", Beverley Nichols, the author of `Verdict on India', called him "the most important man in Asia", and Dr. Kailashnath Katju, the West Bengal Governor in 1948, thought of him as "an outstanding figure of this century not only in India, but in the whole world". While Abdul Rahman Azzam Pasha, Secretary General of the Arab League, called him "one of the greatest leaders in the Muslim world", the Grand Mufti of Palestine considered his death as a "great loss" to the entire world of Islam. It was, however, given to Surat Chandra Bose, leader of the Forward Bloc wing of the Indian National Congress, to sum up succinctly his personal and political achievements. "Mr. Jinnah",he said on his death in 1948, "was great as a lawyer, once great as a Congressman, great as a leader of Muslims, great as a world politician and diplomat, and greatest of all as a man of action, By Mr. Jinnah's passing away, the world has lost one of the greatest statesmen and Pakistan its life-giver, philosopher and guide". Such was Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the man and his mission, such the range of his accomplishments and achievements.
Tel: (408) 294-0404 Fax: (408) 294 6659
Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Jinnah DVD Upcoming Shikwa Sessions
Quaid-i-Azam, Founding Father of Pakistan
(December 25, 1876 - September 11, 1948)
FAMILY
Father: Jinnah Poonja. One of eight children. Married Emibai in 1892 (she died 1893). Married Ratanbai 'Ruttie' Petit, daughter of Sir Dinshaw Petit, a wealthy Bombay Parsee, in 1918. Ruttie died in 1929. Daughter: Dina Wadia (married to Neville Wadia, a Christian).
EDUCATION
Sindh Madrasstul Islam, Karachi
Gokal Das Tej Pal School, Bombay
Christian Missionary Society High School, Karachi, 1891
Bar-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn, London, 1895
POSITIONS HELD
Legal practice, Bombay, 1897
Imperial Legislative Council, 1910-1919
Elected member of All-India Muslim League, 1915
Participates in Round Table Conference(s), 1930
(Settles in London, 1931-34)
President, League's Lucknow Session, 1937
President, League's Lahore Session; 'Lahore Resolution' adopted, 1940
Pakistan's first Governor-General, 1947
Earlier Life
Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25th December 1876 at Vazeer Mansion Karachi, was the first of seven children of Jinnah bhai, a prosperous merchant. After being taught at home, Jinnah was sent to the Sindh Madrasah High School in 1887. Later he attended the Mission High School, where, at the age of 16, he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay. On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to England to acquire business experience. Jinnah, however, had made up his mind to become a barrister. In keeping with the custom of the time, his parents arranged for an early marriage for him before he left for England.
Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25th December 1876 at Vazeer Mansion Karachi, was the first of seven children of Jinnah bhai, a prosperous merchant. After being taught at home, Jinnah was sent to the Sindh Madrasah High School in 1887. Later he attended the Mission High School, where, at the age of 16, he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay. On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to England to acquire business experience. Jinnah, however, had made up his mind to become a barrister. In keeping with the custom of the time, his parents arranged for an early marriage for him before he left for England.
In London he joined Lincoln's Inn, one of the legal societies that prepared students for the bar. In 1895, at the age of 19, he was called to the bar. While in London Jinnah suffered two severe bereavements--the deaths of his wife and his mother. Nevertheless, he completed his formal studies and also made a study of the British political system, frequently visiting the House of Commons. He was greatly influenced by the liberalism of William E. Gladstone, who had become prime minister for the fourth time in 1892, the year of Jinnah's arrival in London. Jinnah also took a keen interest in the affairs of India and in Indian students. When the Parsi leader Dada bhai Naoroji, a leading Indian nationalist, ran for the English Parliament, Jinnah and other Indian students worked day and night for him. Their efforts were crowned with success, and Naoroji became the first Indian to sit in the House of Commons.
When Jinnah returned to Karachi in 1896, he found that his father's business had suffered losses and that he now had to depend on himself. He decided to start his legal practice in Bombay, but it took him years of work to establish himself as a lawyer.
It was nearly 10 years later that he turned toward active politics. A man without hobbies, his interest became divided between law and politics. Nor was he a religious zealot: he was a Muslim in a broad sense and had little to do with sects. His interest in women was also limited to Ruttenbai, the daughter of Sir Dinshaw Petit, a Bombay Parsi millionaire--whom he married over tremendous opposition from her parents and others. The marriage proved an unhappy one. It was his sister Fatima who gave him solace and company.
Entry into politics
Jinnah first entered politics by participating in the 1906 Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress, the party that called for dominion status and later for independence for India. Four years later he was elected to the Imperial Legislative Council--the beginning of a long and distinguished parliamentary career. In Bombay he came to know, among other important Congress personalities, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, the eminent Maratha leader. Greatly influenced by these nationalist politicians, Jinnah aspired during the early part of his political life to become "a Muslim Gokhale." Admiration for British political institutions and an eagerness to raise the status of India in the international community and to develop a sense of Indian nationhood among the peoples of India were the chief elements of his politics. At that time, he still looked upon Muslim interests in the context of Indian nationalism.
But, by the beginning of the 20th century, the conviction had been growing among the Muslims that their interests demanded the preservation of their separate identity rather than amalgamation in the Indian nation that would for all practical purposes be Hindu. Largely to safeguard Muslim interests, the All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906. But Jinnah remained aloof from it. Only in 1913, when authoritatively assured that the league was as devoted as the Congress to the political emancipation of India, did Jinnah join the league. When the Indian Home Rule League was formed, he became its chief organizer in Bombay and was elected president of the Bombay branch.
"Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity." Jinnah's endeavors to bring about the political union of Hindus and Muslims earned him the title of "the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity," an epithet coined by Gokhale.
It was largely through his efforts that the Congress and the Muslim League began to hold their annual sessions jointly, to facilitate mutual consultation and participation. In 1915 the two organizations held their meetings in Bombay and in 1916 in Lucknow, where the Lucknow Pact was concluded. Under the terms of the pact, the two organizations put their seal to a scheme of constitutional reform that became their joint demand vis-à-vis the British government. There was a good deal of give and take, but the Muslims obtained one important concession in the shape of separate electorates, already conceded to them by the government in 1909 but hitherto resisted by the Congress Meanwhile, a new force in Indian politics had appeared in the person of Mohan Das K. Gandhi. Both the Home Rule League and the Indian National Congress had come under his sway. Opposed to Gandhi's Non-co-operation Movement and his essentially Hindu approach to politics, Jinnah left both the League and the Congress in 1920. For a few years he kept himself aloof from the main political movements. He continued to be a firm believer in Hindu-Muslim unity and constitutional methods for the achievement of political ends. After his withdrawal from the Congress, he used the Muslim League platform for the propagation of his views. But during the 1920s the Muslim League, and with it Jinnah, had been overshadowed by the Congress and the religiously oriented Muslim Khilafat committee.
When the failure of the Non-co-operation Movement and the emergence of Hindu revivalist movements led to antagonism and riots between the Hindus and Muslims, the league gradually began to come into its own. Jinnah's problem during the following years was to convert the league into an enlightened political body prepared to co-operate with other organizations working for the good of India. In addition, he had to convince the Congress, as a prerequisite for political progress, of the necessity of settling the Hindu-Muslim conflict.
To bring about such a rapprochement was Jinnah's chief purpose during the late 1920s and early 1930s. He worked toward this end within the legislative assembly, at the Round Table Conferences in London (1930-32), and through his 14 points, which included proposals for a federal form of government, greater rights for minorities, one-third representation for Muslims in the central legislature, separation of the predominantly Muslim Sindh region from the rest of the Bombay province, and the introduction of reforms in the north-west Frontier Province. But he failed. His failure to bring about even minor amendments in the Nehru Committee proposals (1928) over the question of separate electorates and reservation of seats for Muslims in the legislatures frustrated him. He found himself in a peculiar position at this time; many Muslims thought that he was too nationalistic in his policy and that Muslim interests were not safe in his hands, while the Indian National Congress would not even meet the moderate Muslim demands halfway. Indeed, the Muslim League was a house divided against itself. The Punjab Muslim League repudiated Jinnah's leadership and organized itself separately. In disgust, Jinnah decided to settle in England. From 1930 to 1935 he remained in London, devoting himself to practice before the Privy Council. But when constitutional changes were in the offing, he was persuaded to return home to head a reconstituted Muslim League.
Soon preparations started for the elections under the Government of India Act of 1935. Jinnah was still thinking in terms of co-operation between the Muslim League and the Hindu Congress and with coalition governments in the provinces. But the elections of 1937 proved to be a turning point in the relations between the two organizations The Congress obtained an absolute majority in six provinces, and the league did not do particularly well. The Congress decided not to include the league in the formation of provincial governments, and exclusive all-Congress governments were.
Jinnah had originally been dubious about the practicability of Pakistan, an idea that Sir Muhammad Iqbal had propounded to the Muslim League conference of 1930; but before long he became convinced that a Muslim homeland on the Indian subcontinent was the only way of safeguarding Muslim interests and the Muslim way of life. It was not religious persecution that he feared so much as the future exclusion of Muslims from all prospects of advancement within India as soon as power became vested in the close-knit structure of Hindu social organization. To guard against this danger he carried on a nation-wide campaign to warn his coreligionists of the perils of their position, and he converted the Muslim League into a powerful instrument for unifying the Muslims into a nation.
The Creator of Pakistan
At this point, Jinnah emerged as the leader of a renascent Muslim nation. Events began to move fast. On March 22-23, 1940, in Lahore, the league adopted a resolution to form a separate Muslim state, Pakistan. The Pakistan idea was first ridiculed and then tenaciously opposed by the Congress. But it captured the imagination of the Muslims. Pitted against Jinnah were men of the stature of Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. And the British government seemed to be intent on maintaining the political unity of the Indian subcontinent. But Jinnah led his movement with such skill and tenacity that ultimately both the Congress and the British government had no option but to agree to the partitioning of India. Pakistan thus emerged as an independent state in 14th August, 1947.
Jinnah became the first head of the new state i.e. Pakistan. He took oath as the first governor general on August 15, 1947. Faced with the serious problems of a young nation, he tackled Pakistan's problems with authority.
He was not regarded as merely the governor-general; he was revered as the father of the nation. He worked hard until overpowered by age and disease in Karachi. He died on 11th September 1948 at Karachi.
FIRST LEADER OF A NEWLY BORN STATE
In recognition of his singular contribution, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah was nominated by the Muslim League as the Governor-General of Pakistan, while the Congress appointed Mountbatten as India's first Governor-General. Pakistan, it has been truly said, was born in virtual chaos. Indeed, few nations in the world have started on their career with less resourcesand in more treacherous circumstances. The new nation did not inherit a central government, a capital, an administrative core,or an organized defense force. Its social and administrative resources were poor;there was little equipment and still less statistics. The Punjab holocaust had left vast areas in a shambles with communications disrupted. This, alongwith the en masse migration of the Hindu and Sikh business and managerial classes, left the economy almost shattered.
The treasury was empty, India having denied Pakistan the major share of its cash balances.On top of all this, the still unorganized nation was called upon to feed some eight million refugees who had fled the insecurities and barbarities of the north Indian plains that long, hot summer. If all this was symptomatic of Pakistan's administrative and economic weakness, the Indian annexation, through military action in November 1947, of Junagadh (which had originally acceded to Pakistan) and the Kashmir war over the State's accession (October 1947-December 1948) exposed her military weakness. In the circumstances, therefore, it was nothing short of a miracle that Pakistan survived at all. That it survived and forged ahead was mainly due to one man-Mohammed Ali Jinnah. The nation desperately needed in the person of a charismatic leader at that critical juncture in the nation's history, and he fulfilled that need profoundly. After all, he was more than a mere Governor-General: he was the Quaid-e-Azam who had brought the State into being.
In the ultimate analysis, his very presence at the helm of affairs was responsible for enabling the newly born nation to overcome the terrible crisis on the morrow of its cataclysmic birth. He mustered up the immense prestige and the unquestioning loyalty he commanded among the people to energize them, to raise their morale, land directed the profound feelings of patriotism that the freedom had generated, along constructive channels. Though tired and in poor health, Jinnah yet carried the heaviest part of the burden in that first crucial year. He laid down the policies of the new state, called attention to the immediate problems confronting the nation and told the members of the Constituent Assembly, the civil servants and the Armed Forces what to do and what the nation expected of them. He saw to it that law and order was maintained at all costs, despite the provocation that the large-scale riots in north India had provided. He moved from Karachi to Lahore for a while and supervised the immediate refugee problem in the Punjab. In a time of fierce excitement, he remained sober, cool and steady. He advised his excited audience in Lahore to concentrate on helping the refugees,to avoid retaliation, exercise restraint and protect the minorities. He assured the minorities of a fair deal, assuaged their inured sentiments, and gave them hope and comfort. He toured the various provinces, attended to their particular problems and instilled in the people a sense of belonging. He reversed the British policy in the North-West Frontier and ordered the withdrawal of the troops from the tribal territory of Waziristan, thereby making the Pathans feel themselves an integral part of Pakistan's body-politics. He created a new Ministry of States and Frontier Regions, and assumed responsibility for ushering in a new era in Balochistan. He settled the controversial question of the states of Karachi, secured the accession of States, especially of Kalat which seemed problematical and carried on negotiations with Lord Mountbatten for the settlement of the Kashmir Issue.
MESSAGE OF JINNAH
It was, therefore, with a sense of supreme satisfaction at the fulfillment of his mission that Jinnah told the nation in his last message on 14 August, 1948: "The foundations of your State have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as quickly and as well as you can". In accomplishing the task he had taken upon himself on the morrow of Pakistan's birth, Jinnah had worked himself to death, but he had, to quote Richard Simons, "contributed more than any other man to Pakistan's survival". He died on 11 September, 1948. How true was Lord Pethick Lawrence, the former Secretary of State for India, when he said, "Gandhi died by the hands of an assassin; Jinnah died by his devotion to Pakistan".
The Agha Khan considered him "the greatest man he ever met", Beverley Nichols, the author of `Verdict on India', called him "the most important man in Asia", and Dr. Kailashnath Katju, the West Bengal Governor in 1948, thought of him as "an outstanding figure of this century not only in India, but in the whole world". While Abdul Rahman Azzam Pasha, Secretary General of the Arab League, called him "one of the greatest leaders in the Muslim world", the Grand Mufti of Palestine considered his death as a "great loss" to the entire world of Islam. It was, however, given to Surat Chandra Bose, leader of the Forward Bloc wing of the Indian National Congress, to sum up succinctly his personal and political achievements. "Mr. Jinnah",he said on his death in 1948, "was great as a lawyer, once great as a Congressman, great as a leader of Muslims, great as a world politician and diplomat, and greatest of all as a man of action, By Mr. Jinnah's passing away, the world has lost one of the greatest statesmen and Pakistan its life-giver, philosopher and guide". Such was Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the man and his mission, such the range of his accomplishments and achievements.
A Permanent Death - Capital Punishment
A Permanent Death - Capital Punishment There are five basic reasons that society uses when imposing punishment that I've been able to conclude from my readings. I will discuss these societal concepts and show that the death penalty does not serve to further them. As a result William Smith should not be subject to the death penalty and in fact the same should be abolished from our system of punishment. Deterrence Deterrence is basically defined as the punishment should fit the crime. Under this concept, the individual committing the crime and society are prevented from committing this action again. In the case of the death penalty, an individual kills another human and he is punished for it by death. Punishment is supposed to be a temporary penalization for a wrongful action. Death is far from temporary. One is to learn from one's mistakes. How can the person learn if they are paying for their mistake with their life? In Ernest van den Haag's article, The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense he states, The death penalty is our harshest punishment. It is irrevocable: it ends the existence of those punished, instead of temporarily imprisoning them. (Haag, 251). By imposing the death penalty the individual does not learn from their mistakes and neither does society. Economy Under this concept, punishment should be economical. As Haag points out, ...the monetary cost of appealing a capital sentence is excessive. (Haag, 253). Further, ...actual monetary costs are trumped by the importance of doing justice. (Haag, 253). Additionally there are specific costs associated with keeping an inmate on death row, (i.e. the cost of the specially built prison blocks, the need for maximum security, etc.) and more. These costs clearly out weigh the regular costs incurred to house a regular inmate. Deterrence is clearly not served by imposing the death penalty and society aims for justice are thwarted. Restitution Society demands that the punishment should fix the harm it has done. By sentencing a person to death no harm has been fixed. You can not bring the murdered person back by taking the prisoner's life. Punishment-regardless of the motivation is not intended to revenge, offset, or compensate for the victims suffering or to be measured by it. (Haag, 253). Retribution The community demands that justice be served. Would justice not equally be served and in fact may be better served by life imprisonment? I believe it would be a worse punishment to endure a life sentence in prison. The individual is deprived of his liberty. He will then suffer and live the rest of his or her life within three lonely walls and a set of bars. It gives the individual time to think and wallow in his own guilt. Someone kills another. The State then proceeds to kill him for doing so. This is not punishment but revenge. Revenge is inconsistent with society's demands that justice be served because the punishment has to fit the crime. Justice Brennan has insisted that the death penalty is uncivilized, inhuman, inconsistent with human dignity and with the dignity of life. (Haag, 254). Brennan speaks of moral imperatives. It is morally wrong for someone to kill someone. If so, then the state is committing a morally wrongful act. As they say, two wrongs don't make a right. Rehabilitation Society desires for its members to reintegrate themselves into society. Punishment includes preparing the person to reenter society and lead a productive life. Without doubt, if you impose the death penalty there is no opportunity for rehabilitation. Overview of the William Alvin Smith case William Alvin Smith robbed and killed the owner of a grocery store in Georgia when he was 20 years old. He turned himself to the police and signed a confession. The local jury condemned Smith to the electric chair but a federal judge ordered a new sentencing hearing for Smith on the grounds that he lacked the ability to understand the significance of waiving his rights to remain silent and to have an attorney present. Smith has the mental capacity of a ten-year-old. Analysis of the William Alvin Smith Case in Relation to Society's Expectations of Punishment William Smith stands before you guilty but guilty of what? That is the question. I propose to you that the only thing we can condemn William Smith for is being guilty of being a child and acting the way a child would. Let us examine his actions. William Smith in whatever state of mind he was at the time he committed this act fully acknowledged that he did in fact do something wrong. I propose that he did that in exactly the manner that a child would go to a parent and admit their wrongdoing in order to obtain the parent's forgiveness or perhaps their help. The State now stands in the role of parent in this case. Let us examine the position the State has taken when dealing with children that have committed violent crimes. I have but one question to ask: Do we kill our children? Let me give you a recent example - the teenage girl in New Jersey who knowingly and premeditatedly murdered her newborn baby at the prom and then went back to the prom dance. Another case comes to mind of the teenagers who conspired and did murder the girlfriend's competition. An even better example would be the rash of murders committed in the nation by children in schools. In all these cases these children knowingly committed the heinous crime of murder. Once again I ask you: Do we kill our children? Has the State, exercising its discretion decided to impose the death penalty on any child? In every single case that I have just cited, these children have not been condemned to murder but their ability to comprehend the seriousness of their actions and other factors related to their youth have been taken into account. All have been sentenced to prison terms to be served in a youth facility. Another legal fact comes to mind in that some teenagers that have committed murders have petitioned the Court to treat the minor as an adult. The law allows a juvenile to be treated as an adult if it is determined that the juvenile in fact is a juvenile in age only yet has the mental capacity of an adult and should be treated like one. It stands to reason that there is room in the law for the inverse to apply. Why should this man die? He can not think, act or feel like a normal 20 year-old man. In this case, we have a situation of a person who has been adjudicated to have the mental capacity of a ten-year-old. How can we then shut our eyes to this basic fact of William Smith's mental capacity and just look at age as the overriding factor to consider when punishing him for his crime? Society demands that the punishment fit the crime. I have outlined above what society expects from punishment and the punishment that the State decides to give out to children in these matters. On both accounts it is clear that society is not served. Can you examine your conscience and decide to give a child, maybe your child, the death penalty? If so, go ahead and sentence William Smith to death and in doing so, that's exactly what you will be doing. You will be deciding - let's kill our children. Word Count: 1240
Gaining Mental Power for Preparing UPSC Exams
Author: Ragini Sinha
E Mail: kalpstava@yahoo.com
UPSC exam preparation needs thorough planning. Candidate can not achieve success until he organizes his study matter, make proper time management and get guidance from professors and experts. These are the core preparations and everyone makes great efforts to do well in examination to get success. In today's competitive environment, examinee is struggling with number of issues. Even though he put extreme knowledge and attempts, he can not manage resources and cover all topics related to examination. There are various factors parallel affecting when students appear in competitive examination. These may be personal, environmental or related to subject. First of all, student must have to learn to cope up with these problems. There are many ways by which he can solve problems as they arise. Sometimes we have to instantly provide solutions so that these factors do not create hurdles in exam preparation. Candidate must have to be detached from many activities and voice everyone that I can share only serious matter. He must avoid entertaining guests, picking things, purchasing and so on. When he makes environment soothing, he gets more time to understand complex terms and much of the definition and research matter is clear to him. Sometimes student does not get study material in time. For this he must not worry because psychological imbalance creates other complicated problem and he will not concentrate on studies well. Student must assign job to close ones to collect material. This will off load his work up to some extent and studies will also not affected. As soon as new books will be available, he can access them. Many times, he can not understand what to study first, how to compile and he takes advice from untrained counselor or seniors those are easily approachable. Here, it is warning to students. Learning wrong concepts will put them in great trouble. Always take professional's advice and plan to study as per convenience. It means use your brain to organize and follow pattern that suits you. If you can learn words well in the evening, go a head. It is not necessary that you have to learn vocabulary in the morning if advised by experts. There are individual differences and everyone has own typical way of learning.
It has been noticed that long sitting may create monotony and student can not speed up his studies. It is common to all. Some may discouraged and start worrying how to complete target. But this is not the solution. Studying same topic for a longer period is often uninteresting. Student must change the content of study time to time to involve deeply in study. When he feels fatigue, he may get relaxed by talking to family members, preparing coffee or any other activity which he likes. This will boost enthusiasm for studies and then he will study more seriously and grasp all concepts. It is to explain that the competitive exam preparation is a bit different from professional courses. Students need to solve set of questions in time and speed is very important. Once he gains speed, he can solve complicated questions and eager to learn more about subject to get success. Other important points to be noted that do not go out of track. Students often confused with range of topics and question styles. They buy question paper and start to solve questions. They get an impression that they have covered large portion. This is a false impression. Solving question papers is only 1/3rd preparation. They must penetrate to the subject to be selected among competitors. In above mentioned ways, many problems of students will be solved and they will be in a better position.
Today with the development of hi tech Internet system, all of us can access details of examination for which we are appearing and also get subject matter. So there is no need to mention here about UPSC exam pattern. The only problem is how to organize studies and inhale as much as we can to compete. Candidate must collect information and edge details for their educational/ subject area and there is need to compile immediately to prepare base for study. For improving rank, one must have to gain mental power through clear understanding of concepts and all necessary details. It can be enhanced by setting up a steady study timetable, regularly reading all of the allocated topics cautiously, developing an approach to practice for tests. Sometimes candidate must have to practice test questions himself and analyze how many questions he has completed, what problem he faced during practice and so on. He must give rank to himself honestly. Prepare a list and find solution where he could not perform well. This will work as feedback and he will soon realize his mistakes and correct it well with in time. As time runs out, candidate will not able to concentrate on such issues and he will face such problems directly in examination hall. At that time he will become handicapped and will blame himself. Research has shown that these tactics will definitely work and the best ways to learn the wide course.
There are many challenging subjects. When student choose subject, he must immediately make inquiry for research reports, best resources which can enrich his mental vocabulary. Having correct and genuine knowledge will help student to solve difficult questions in examination speedily. Presently competition is tough and subject covers a vast range of material. But if matter is organized from the beginning, it will be learned easily. Candidate must make tag for each topic or concept and look in detail whenever necessary. It will save time. But one has to know every minute details, Question technique and way to attempt questions. A student who have thorough knowledge of subject but unaware of question designing tricks will never be successful. It is necessary to update your knowledge with latest developments and mold accordingly. This will improve mental power and you will be familiar with many terms which are not available in texts. But at the same time do not rush to collect irrelevant material of subject or topic chosen. Excessive information, especially repetitive information will again create confusion. It is advised to do more focused study and must make outline what type of information is missing, how much covered and ask question to self- is there any thing which is unknown to him. This outline will help from time to time to refresh knowledge and student will gain confidence and satisfaction which is very necessary for such competitive examinations. When student attempts to question test paper with confidence, his mind works very fast and he concentrates more on question, thinks from various angles to choose correct alternative and mark the correct answer. Whenever preparing for examination, it must be remember that this paper is highly important and I have to get success at all. This type of optimistic approach will help student to gain more knowledge about subject. Student should not harbor such feelings that if he will not get success in this exam, he will attempt once again. Such type of thinking makes student careless and he may not win race. Finally, it can be said that, it is important to develop ways of efficiently studying and mastering new theories and concepts to make strong your brain for competitive examinations.
E Mail: kalpstava@yahoo.com
UPSC exam preparation needs thorough planning. Candidate can not achieve success until he organizes his study matter, make proper time management and get guidance from professors and experts. These are the core preparations and everyone makes great efforts to do well in examination to get success. In today's competitive environment, examinee is struggling with number of issues. Even though he put extreme knowledge and attempts, he can not manage resources and cover all topics related to examination. There are various factors parallel affecting when students appear in competitive examination. These may be personal, environmental or related to subject. First of all, student must have to learn to cope up with these problems. There are many ways by which he can solve problems as they arise. Sometimes we have to instantly provide solutions so that these factors do not create hurdles in exam preparation. Candidate must have to be detached from many activities and voice everyone that I can share only serious matter. He must avoid entertaining guests, picking things, purchasing and so on. When he makes environment soothing, he gets more time to understand complex terms and much of the definition and research matter is clear to him. Sometimes student does not get study material in time. For this he must not worry because psychological imbalance creates other complicated problem and he will not concentrate on studies well. Student must assign job to close ones to collect material. This will off load his work up to some extent and studies will also not affected. As soon as new books will be available, he can access them. Many times, he can not understand what to study first, how to compile and he takes advice from untrained counselor or seniors those are easily approachable. Here, it is warning to students. Learning wrong concepts will put them in great trouble. Always take professional's advice and plan to study as per convenience. It means use your brain to organize and follow pattern that suits you. If you can learn words well in the evening, go a head. It is not necessary that you have to learn vocabulary in the morning if advised by experts. There are individual differences and everyone has own typical way of learning.
It has been noticed that long sitting may create monotony and student can not speed up his studies. It is common to all. Some may discouraged and start worrying how to complete target. But this is not the solution. Studying same topic for a longer period is often uninteresting. Student must change the content of study time to time to involve deeply in study. When he feels fatigue, he may get relaxed by talking to family members, preparing coffee or any other activity which he likes. This will boost enthusiasm for studies and then he will study more seriously and grasp all concepts. It is to explain that the competitive exam preparation is a bit different from professional courses. Students need to solve set of questions in time and speed is very important. Once he gains speed, he can solve complicated questions and eager to learn more about subject to get success. Other important points to be noted that do not go out of track. Students often confused with range of topics and question styles. They buy question paper and start to solve questions. They get an impression that they have covered large portion. This is a false impression. Solving question papers is only 1/3rd preparation. They must penetrate to the subject to be selected among competitors. In above mentioned ways, many problems of students will be solved and they will be in a better position.
Today with the development of hi tech Internet system, all of us can access details of examination for which we are appearing and also get subject matter. So there is no need to mention here about UPSC exam pattern. The only problem is how to organize studies and inhale as much as we can to compete. Candidate must collect information and edge details for their educational/ subject area and there is need to compile immediately to prepare base for study. For improving rank, one must have to gain mental power through clear understanding of concepts and all necessary details. It can be enhanced by setting up a steady study timetable, regularly reading all of the allocated topics cautiously, developing an approach to practice for tests. Sometimes candidate must have to practice test questions himself and analyze how many questions he has completed, what problem he faced during practice and so on. He must give rank to himself honestly. Prepare a list and find solution where he could not perform well. This will work as feedback and he will soon realize his mistakes and correct it well with in time. As time runs out, candidate will not able to concentrate on such issues and he will face such problems directly in examination hall. At that time he will become handicapped and will blame himself. Research has shown that these tactics will definitely work and the best ways to learn the wide course.
There are many challenging subjects. When student choose subject, he must immediately make inquiry for research reports, best resources which can enrich his mental vocabulary. Having correct and genuine knowledge will help student to solve difficult questions in examination speedily. Presently competition is tough and subject covers a vast range of material. But if matter is organized from the beginning, it will be learned easily. Candidate must make tag for each topic or concept and look in detail whenever necessary. It will save time. But one has to know every minute details, Question technique and way to attempt questions. A student who have thorough knowledge of subject but unaware of question designing tricks will never be successful. It is necessary to update your knowledge with latest developments and mold accordingly. This will improve mental power and you will be familiar with many terms which are not available in texts. But at the same time do not rush to collect irrelevant material of subject or topic chosen. Excessive information, especially repetitive information will again create confusion. It is advised to do more focused study and must make outline what type of information is missing, how much covered and ask question to self- is there any thing which is unknown to him. This outline will help from time to time to refresh knowledge and student will gain confidence and satisfaction which is very necessary for such competitive examinations. When student attempts to question test paper with confidence, his mind works very fast and he concentrates more on question, thinks from various angles to choose correct alternative and mark the correct answer. Whenever preparing for examination, it must be remember that this paper is highly important and I have to get success at all. This type of optimistic approach will help student to gain more knowledge about subject. Student should not harbor such feelings that if he will not get success in this exam, he will attempt once again. Such type of thinking makes student careless and he may not win race. Finally, it can be said that, it is important to develop ways of efficiently studying and mastering new theories and concepts to make strong your brain for competitive examinations.
Computer Arts
Restaurant Review The restaurant my best friend and I went to was called P&P Hunan Chinese Restaurant. It is located on the corner of Britain and Laurel Ave in San Carlos, California. P&P Hunan have opened up for about two and a half years the restaurant has already become a very popular place to eat in San Carlos. The word “Hunan” comes from a name of a provenience in Southeast China which people live in. Hunan food is known for making their food very spicy. This restaurant by itself is the size of an average ten by twelve room that would be in your home, but the important thing about this place is that the food is excellent not the way the place looks. You can’t judge anything without trying it. My friend and I went to this restaurant for lunch on a Wednesday September 30, 1998 and it was a very memorable experience. We walked in and the waitress gave us a table and we sat down where she wanted us to sit. The place was quite small like I mentioned before so there was not many options to choose your seats. On the table there were beautiful flowers in a small vase, there was also salt and pepper on the sides of the flowery vase. The waitress came to take our order. I ordered my usual dish Kung Pou Chicken with steamed rice which had to be extra spicy hot and my friend had ordered Black Bean Sauce Chicken he also liked it very spicy. We also had two cokes. I noticed that the waitress did not know much English or she did not know it enough so it took a her few seconds to understand our order. As we were waiting for our meal I began to examine the restaurant’s atmosphere and looking at the various things that this place was decorated with in. There was a painting of something that I couldn’t make out with its meaning, but it was written in Chinese. Then I saw another similar picture that was located on another wall which had about the same resemblance as the one earlier and I saw a little statue of a cat made of clay I believe it represented good luck for the Chinese people. We had finally got our food after waiting for about fifteen minutes. I was very eager to eat it quickly because I didn’t have any breakfast. God I was hunger. When our dishes arrived I was in a state of shock. I looked at the luscious crispy onions, that were simmering on top of the spicy red pepper sauce with the boneless pieces of chicken which was each cut in same size as if it was a standard to cut them that way. Then I noticed various vegetables that were in my dish I saw green bell peppers, water chestnuts and my “eye popping” red peppers that were in my dish. I looked at my bowl of steam rice, I noticed the nicely decorated the bowl with Chinese scripture. When I opened the bowl I got a nice rush of steam blowing into my face from rice it felt like I was in “heaven.” My friend had already started to eat his food while I was examining my food and enjoying every sparing moment with it. I began to mix the rice with the Kung Pou Chicken and began to indulge on my meal with great ease. The food was just right and exactly the way I wanted to be with just the right amount of spice and flavor. My friend was a fast eater so he was done a lot quicker with his dish than I was so I took my time and enjoyed my meal. I began to sweat on my forehead quite heavily because the food was spicy and hot, but it was tasty. When I was done with my lunch I felt like I had accomplished a great feat and I’m still wondering the reasons that I felt this way. We were both done and we had asked the waitress for the bill. The cost was $4.96 and so I paid her six dollars with tip and everything. I asked the waitress if they had a business card and she said she did and gave me the card. My friend and I were so filled with the food it was like we had gone to eat the best food in our life. The food was great, service was excellent, atmosphere was small but comfortable, and the price was reasonably well. Rating of the Restaurant: P&P Hunan Chinese Restaurant Service: **** Atmosphere: **1/2 Food: ***** Price (Per Person): ***** Overall: ****1/2 * = Bad Price- $5.00- 10.00 = ***** ** =Okay $10.00- 15.00 = **** *** = Good $15.00- 20.00 = *** **** =Very Good $20.00- 25.00 = ** ***** = Excellent $25.00- 30.00 = * Word Count: 820
Classroom Management
Professional Articles Classroom Management/Behavior In a few years I will became a teacher in my own classroom. As I sit here and try to figure out what will be an important topic for me to understand I think of classroom management or classroom behavior. Walking into a new school that contains many new faces, not only students, but staff also is a scary thing. I want to make a good impression on all these new faces. This means that I have to show the children and staff that I know what I am doing, I know how to manage a classroom. Therefore, the question that I am researching is to investigate techniques and skills I need to know in order to keep my classroom under control? Discipline in classrooms is important for both students and teachers. Inappropriate behavior can be placed into two categories. The first category includes behavior that disrupts learning and the second category includes behaviors that cause disruptions during the lessons. Both categories cause problems for the teacher and the students, but by classifying them it may help the teacher find out the reason for the student acting the way they are. Developing a discipline program within a classroom has proven to help maintain a positive learning environment. When coming up with a discipline program it is best to include the following three components: reduce the possibility that inappropriate behavior will occur, reinforce appropriate behavior when it occurs, and punish inappropriate behavior to minimize recurrence (The Elementary School Journal.) I have also learned from several of the articles that classroom rules, classroom routines, good seating arrangements, and carefully planned lessons help to minimize the time for poor behavior. By reading through the different articles I have found that there are several different ways and reasons that students act out in class. Some ways that students act out include daily tantrums, yelling, self-injury, aggression towards others, property destruction, and noncompliance with instructions. Some reasons for inappropriate behavior include problems with their family, need for attention, poor anger management, and mental disorders. These are things that as a teacher I have to remember that I am going to have to deal with everyday and each student is going to be different. As a teacher I need to keep journals, talk with parents and counselors. I need to do everything I can to help this child and help maintain control in my classroom. One last thing, to break routine and add some stress relief is to add some art to the curriculum. Many teachers don’t realize how just ten minutes of coloring can relieve stress, even in adults. Art allows students some time to themselves and a way to express how they are feeling. During this art time it is said that it is best to not give a certain assignment, but to provide them with the tools that they need to make what ever they choose. Art can give the classroom a more relaxed feeling. By reading these three articles I have learned some approaches to controlling behavior in my classroom. I have also found out that all kids are different and it may take some time to figure out why a child is acting the way that they are acting. I think that some of the techniques and skills I have learned in these articles I will be sure to use in my classroom. Well at least give them a try! Word Count: 573
How to Prepare Notes
Appearing for any competitive exam requires a lot of preparation. Students should be ready to face this challenge in the best possible way. Though there is no one way of studying, there are ways to study more effectively and with less stress and more enjoyment. It is important to know how to make use of the sources available to you in the best possible way. It is wise to take a three pronged approach to preparation, reading to learn, making effective notes and able to write answers to various kinds of questions.
Students are often faced with the daunting task of making voluminous notes. Now the question arises as to why make notes at all. There are several good reasons, one is that you cannot make notes without understanding the given topic, since you have to pick out the important points and try to summarise them. Next is that writing down any information helps you to remember it better. Thirdly, it makes a good practice for thinking and writing out essays. Fourth, it will prompt you to revise your work since it does not take a long time to go through a set of well made notes. Lastly, it helps you in your final revision by reminding you of the most important points of each topic.
The next question is when should one make notes? One should make notes from the very beginning as soon as you have done your studying when the material is fresh in mind. This helps to fix it in your memory. It is better to make notes from all possible sources, from what you read, what you hear and from what you do. After making the first brief notes, it can be expanded and organised properly. You can then keep adding information to it from time to time. One important thing to remember is to never treat a set of notes as the final version.
There are different methods of making notes and one should decide which method suits you the best. There are two types of making notes, one is the LINEAR NOTES and the other PATTERN NOTES.
Let us start with Linear notes first, it is a method in which you condense the material you have read using headings and sub headings and jotting down the most important points. This method works best when making notes from a book where the material is already properly organised. But one disadvantage of this method is that you end up copying a lot of material from the book which defeats the very purpose of condensing.
The right way to use this method is to use loose sheets of paper instead of an exercise book since it is easier to keep adding information. It is a good idea to leave space on each sheet of paper for additional information. Another way to make your notes more interesting is to use colors, block letters, making boxes and highlighting as and when necessary. All this will immediately draw our attention to the actual contents of our notes and make it more clear and comprehensible.
We now come to Pattern Notes. For this we have to begin the topic at the centre of the page. Each line radiating from it represents a branch of the main idea. Each point is written as briefly as possible using a key word or a phrase. It is a better method to adopt because it is more flexible than making Linear notes. One can add extra information to it at any point without any problem. Second advantage is that we can see the whole pattern at one go without actually turning the pages. Thirdly we can indicate the links between different topics more easily than we can do in a linear method. Another advantage of pattern notes is that it is exceptionally useful when making notes from memory for revision as you keep jotting down points as and when they occur to you. This makes it easier to revise for exams and writing out essays as only brief key words are used. Lastly, it is easier to remember as notes is made in a shape format.
But this method has some disadvantages as well. If there are too many facts and too much of information, your pattern becomes messy and over crowded. Using key words can remind you of basic ideas but when it comes to remembering details, this method cannot be sufficient. Therefore the most effective way of making good notes from the sources available is to use a combination of these two methods. One important thing to remember is that for many subjects your notes will have to include diagrams and sketch maps. They must be accurate and labelled very clearly.
For example while making notes for Science, the general lay out has to follow the one given by your teacher with as little variation as possible. There are four basic stages which should always be there, Purpose, Method, Result and Conclusion If there is a description it will have to include a diagram and if it is recorded data, it will require a table or a graph.
Whatever method you decide to follow, one thing to remember is to keep your notes handy at all times and in a proper file. It is a good idea to use colored flags to demarcate different topics. With such systematic preparation, a student can face the challenge of any competitive exam with confidence.
Students are often faced with the daunting task of making voluminous notes. Now the question arises as to why make notes at all. There are several good reasons, one is that you cannot make notes without understanding the given topic, since you have to pick out the important points and try to summarise them. Next is that writing down any information helps you to remember it better. Thirdly, it makes a good practice for thinking and writing out essays. Fourth, it will prompt you to revise your work since it does not take a long time to go through a set of well made notes. Lastly, it helps you in your final revision by reminding you of the most important points of each topic.
The next question is when should one make notes? One should make notes from the very beginning as soon as you have done your studying when the material is fresh in mind. This helps to fix it in your memory. It is better to make notes from all possible sources, from what you read, what you hear and from what you do. After making the first brief notes, it can be expanded and organised properly. You can then keep adding information to it from time to time. One important thing to remember is to never treat a set of notes as the final version.
There are different methods of making notes and one should decide which method suits you the best. There are two types of making notes, one is the LINEAR NOTES and the other PATTERN NOTES.
Let us start with Linear notes first, it is a method in which you condense the material you have read using headings and sub headings and jotting down the most important points. This method works best when making notes from a book where the material is already properly organised. But one disadvantage of this method is that you end up copying a lot of material from the book which defeats the very purpose of condensing.
The right way to use this method is to use loose sheets of paper instead of an exercise book since it is easier to keep adding information. It is a good idea to leave space on each sheet of paper for additional information. Another way to make your notes more interesting is to use colors, block letters, making boxes and highlighting as and when necessary. All this will immediately draw our attention to the actual contents of our notes and make it more clear and comprehensible.
We now come to Pattern Notes. For this we have to begin the topic at the centre of the page. Each line radiating from it represents a branch of the main idea. Each point is written as briefly as possible using a key word or a phrase. It is a better method to adopt because it is more flexible than making Linear notes. One can add extra information to it at any point without any problem. Second advantage is that we can see the whole pattern at one go without actually turning the pages. Thirdly we can indicate the links between different topics more easily than we can do in a linear method. Another advantage of pattern notes is that it is exceptionally useful when making notes from memory for revision as you keep jotting down points as and when they occur to you. This makes it easier to revise for exams and writing out essays as only brief key words are used. Lastly, it is easier to remember as notes is made in a shape format.
But this method has some disadvantages as well. If there are too many facts and too much of information, your pattern becomes messy and over crowded. Using key words can remind you of basic ideas but when it comes to remembering details, this method cannot be sufficient. Therefore the most effective way of making good notes from the sources available is to use a combination of these two methods. One important thing to remember is that for many subjects your notes will have to include diagrams and sketch maps. They must be accurate and labelled very clearly.
For example while making notes for Science, the general lay out has to follow the one given by your teacher with as little variation as possible. There are four basic stages which should always be there, Purpose, Method, Result and Conclusion If there is a description it will have to include a diagram and if it is recorded data, it will require a table or a graph.
Whatever method you decide to follow, one thing to remember is to keep your notes handy at all times and in a proper file. It is a good idea to use colored flags to demarcate different topics. With such systematic preparation, a student can face the challenge of any competitive exam with confidence.
Children With Reading Problems
Article Review # 1 The article by Susan M. Tancock focuses its attention to the needs of special students. These students are considered poor readers. They are usually behind in reading and writing skills when compared to their classmates (peers). The special instruction that these students receive ordinarily involves the recognition of identifying sounds of letters and words instead of the construction of their meaning within the context of the text or story. In the article we are told the poor readers are usually asked to read aloud more often than other more skilled readers. Also, their teachers interrupt their reading instead of encouraging them towards a self monitoring approach to their reading. Tancock stresses the importance of being sensitive to certain ideals when tutoring young children who have reading difficulties. First of all, she feels it is of utmost importance that the tutor should truly believe that their tutee can and will become a good reader and writer. Secondly, she states that the tutee needs predictable material to help encourage successful reading habits. To accomplish this task it is best if the tutor uses quality children=s books written by well-known authors. Children can be encouraged to Aread like a writer@ by using themes that are built around the child=s personal interests. This will provide the student with a more in depth involvement with the reading process. Tutors must build lessons around the child=s strengths to build confidence within the child for future reading tasks. The students also need to be encouraged to make predictions in their reading to help develop them into risk takers. In the lesson with Gayla and Chase the author described how Gayla first sets out familiar reading material (books) for Chase to choose from so that he could read aloud. Because Chase is already familiar with these books and has probably read them in the past, it will enable him to be become confident in guessing when it comes to something difficult for him to read. By Gayla=s reminding him to read aloud so that it sounds interesting and stopping him to praise his good efforts, will involve him more in the context of the meaning of his reading efforts. One particular technique that Gayla used, was to have Chase emulate her as she reads to him. This helped to emphasize the diction and inflection for Chase. One of Chase's books of choice related to his background knowledge of fishing and this was of great help for him to be able to recall prior knowledge when he read. Before he began reading Gayla engaged him in a conversation about his past experiences with fishing. Gayla understood this would allow Chase to explore his mind and make connections to his fishing encounters. She wanted Chase to learn how to find cues for helping himself to make guesses that would eventually lead him out of difficult spots in his reading. Gayla also from time to time used Directed Reading B Thinking Activity (DR -- TA). In this illustration, Chase made guesses during reading and then by his continued reading he could then discover whether his guesses were correct or incorrect. This practice can eventually help a student to apply self-help strategies when reading in the future. Chase was also asked to recall times of difficulty and to discuss ways in which he used to solve those reading problems. Gayla then stimulated his thinking by asking him key questions. During the writing parts of the lesson, Chase was able to apply the brainstorming technique when planning what he was going to write about. After brainstorming Gayla then helped him sort his writing by relating it to his prior reading involvement. The finished writing project can also serve as a tool for future successful reading assignment because it is the student=s creation from his own personal relationship with the topic. Chase was then asked to sort some words that he had some difficulty with during his reading and writing session. In this particular student=s case he was asked to sort words beginning with s and sh. After he was done sorting he was asked to write down the few words so that he could make the connection with reading and writing. Finally Gayla read a book she had selected to read to Chase. Even though she had chosen the book, she had still remained within the theme that had been set. But the reading Gayla chose was nevertheless a little bit more difficult. After the lesson was over Chase then chose a book to take home to read to his family. Tancock states, Afluency suffers when children focus their attention more on the details of print than the meaning of the text; thus comprehension suffers too.@ Consequently as a tutor, it should be our responsibility to relieve the unneeded pressures of the details on the printed page, and to allow the child to learn with as much ease as possible the meaning of the text. Bibliography Tancock, Susan M. AA Literacy Lesson Framework for Children with Reading Problems@ The Readind Teacher, Volume 48. No. 2 Oct. 1994 Word Count: 826
Apple's G4 Marketing Snafu
In fulfillment of the periodical paper assignment, I have chosen a recent story concerning Apple Computer Inc. as the topic for the first paper. Summary of Situation: After setting off a storm of consumer complaints earlier this week, Apple Computer Inc tried to make amends Friday by reversing a retroactive price increase for a small number of customers who had pre-ordered its new top-of-the-line G4 PowerMacs. Earlier this week, Apple said it was unable to offer the G4 PowerMac model equipped with a 500-megahertz processor until early next year because of supply constraints at its main chipmaker, Motorola Inc. Apple then ratcheted up the price on the 350, 400, and 450 MHz models that it could supply, trying to offset the lost potential revenues that the 500 MHz G4 would provide. Ethical Implications: I believe that Apple might have broke even concerning this ordeal; however, let's examine the specifics of both sides of what transpired here: When the company determined that the supply of 500 MHz chips was not going to meet the demand requested, they reconfigured its G4 family of desktop computers, offering systems with processors running at 350, 400 or 450 MHz -- but at higher prices -- instead of the original 400, 450 or 500 MHz machines. After the company received numerous complaints from customers, both loyal Apple supporters, and potential new customers, the company retracted its new restructuring, allowing the original pricing and megahertz versions to stay. Apple may have lost the faith of even some extreme supporters. Bill Bryant, who runs a health-care consulting business in Dallas, said he has been a Macintosh loyalist for 20 years. ...I'm thinking of buying a Dell or something. Some people are saying it's time to go to the dark side, he added, referring to PCs running on Microsoft's Windows operating system and processors. On the other hand, at least this was nothing close to the Intel fiasco of the early Nineties. I feel Apple handled this situation much more smoothly; it decided much faster that it could not incur a loss back onto customers. How the Situation Should Have Been Handled: I feel the company made the right ethical decision, despite the fact that this situation should not have happened at all. I think the decision to restructure the G4 line around the lack of the 500 MHz chip, and the corresponding price increase of available models was a very bad business decision, and possibly unethical. The reversal, and reinstatement of original pricing schemes was the ethical decision to make. After realizing the shortage of the 500 MHz chip, keeping everything intact as far as pricing goes would have been the best decision for Apple. Of course, it would have to announce the shortage of 500 MHz model G4, but jacking up the price for the other lines does not make much ethical or business sense at all. In fact, maybe Apple could drop the price on the 500 MHz G4, as a courtesy for the delay in the product. Perhaps this type of strategy wouldn't be best for the bottom dollar at the company, but the publicity and word-of-mouth support for the company would foster trust, confidence, and growth, which, by their very definition, will lead to increased revenues. Word Count: 542
ADOLF HITLER
ADOLF HITLER Adolf Hitler was a dictator of the German Nazi movement. He was born April 20, 1889 in the small Austrian town of Braunau. After a prior performance in elementary school, Adolf soon became rebellious and began failing in the Realschule, which is a college preparatory school. Following transfer to another school, he finally left formal education altogether in 1905 and, refusing to bow to the training of a regular job, began his years of amateur painting, wandering in the woods, and dreaming of becoming a famous artist. In 1907, when his mother died, he moved to Vienna in an attempt to enroll in the famed Academy of Fine Arts. However he was not admitted. He wandering through the streets of Vienna living on an orphan's pension and the money he could earn by painting and selling picture postcards. It was during this time of his homeless being among the disordered circumstances of the old Hapsburg capital, that he first became fascinated by the immense possibility of political manipulation. He was impressed by the successes of the anti-Semitic, nationalist Christian-Socialist party of Vienna Mayor Karl Lueger and his propaganda organization (Website, Biography.com Hitler). Under Lueger's influence Hitler first developed the extreme anti-Semitism that were to remain central to his own beliefs and that of the Nazi party. In May 1913, in an attempt to avoid induction into the Austrian military service after he had failed to register for draft, Hitler slipped across the German border to Munich, only to be arrested and turned over to the Austrian police. He was able to persuade the authorities not to confine him for draft avoidance and presented himself for the draft physical examination, which he failed to pass. He returned to Munich, and after the outbreak of World War I a year later, he volunteered for action in the German army. During the war he fought on Germany's Western front with excellence but gained no promotion beyond the rank of corporal. Injured twice, he won several awards' for bravery, among them the highly respected Iron Cross First Class (Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris. By Ian Kershaw. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998). The end of the war suddenly left Hitler without a place and drove him to join the many frustrated veterans who continued to fight in the streets of Germany. In the spring of 1919 he found employment as a political officer in the army in Munich with the help of an adventurer-soldier by the name of Ernst Roehm. Ernst Roehm later became the head of Hitler's storm troopers. Hitler attended a meeting of the so-called German Workers' party, a nationalist, anti-Semitic, and socialist group, in September 1919. He quickly famed himself as this party's most popular and impressive speaker. The first two years in office were almost completely dedicated to power. With several prominent Nazis in key positions and his military ally Werner von Blomberg in the Defense Ministry, he quickly gained efficient control. He convinced the aging president and the Reichstag to invest him with emergency powers suspending the constitution in the so-called Enabling Act of Feb. 28, 1933. Under this act and with the help of a mysterious fire in the Reichstag building, he eliminated his political rivals and brought all levels of government under his control. By means of the Roehm purge of the summer of 1934 he guaranteed himself of the loyalty of the army by the inferiority of the Nazi storm troopers and the murder of its chief together with the financial disaster of major rivals within the army. The death of President Hindenburg in August 1934 cleared the way for the elimination of the presidential title by voting. Hitler became ruler of Germany and in result head of state as well as commander in chief of the armed forces. Joseph Goebbels's extensive propaganda machine and Heinrich Himmler's police system together perfected dictatorial control of Germany. This can be seen as demonstrated in the great Nazi rally of 1934 in Nuremberg, where millions marched in unison and saluted Hitler's dramatic appeals. Once internal control was assured, Hitler began enlisting Germany's resources for military conquest and racial domination of the landmasses of central and Eastern Europe. He put Germany's six million unemployed to work on a vast building program, coupled with a propaganda campaign to prepare the nation for war. Foreign relations were directed toward preparation for war because of the improvement of Germany's military position, the purchase of strong allies and the division of Germany's enemies. Playing on the weaknesses of the Versailles Peace Treaty and the general fear of war, this policy was previously successful in the face of governments in England and France. After an unsuccessful achievement attempt in Austria in 1934, Hitler gained Mussolini's union as a result of Italy's Ethiopian war in 1935, illegally marched into the Rhineland in 1936 and successfully intervened in the Spanish Civil War (Time Magazine, January 2, 1939, Roles Minor). Under the popular emblem of national self-determination, he attached Austria and some of Czechoslovakia with the West in 1938, only to occupy all of Czechoslovakia in early in 1939. Alliances with Italy and Japan followed. On Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler began World War II with the invasion of Poland, which he immediately followed with the ethnic cleansing of Jews and the Polish aristocrats, the slavery of the local alien population, and the beginnings of a German colonization. Following the exposition of war by France and England, he temporarily turned his military west, where the attacks of the German forces quickly prevailed. In April 1940 Denmark surrendered, and Norway was taken by an amphibious operation. In May-June the progressing tank forces defeated France and the Low Countries. The major goal of Hitler's conquest was in the East and the war had already entered in the middle of 1940. German war production was preparing for an eastern campaign. The Air Battle of Britain, which Hitler had hoped would permit either German invasion or an alliance with Germanic England, was broken off, and Germany's naval warfare shattered for lack of reinforcements. On June 22, 1941, the German army advanced on Russia in the so-called Operation Barbarossa, which Hitler regarded as “Germany's final struggle for existence and ‘living space’ and for the creation of the ‘new order’ of German racial domination” (The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Third Edition, 1998). After advances, the German troops were stopped by the harsh Russian winter which in turn helped them to fail at reaching any of their three major goals: Leningrad, Moscow, and Stalingrad. The following year's advances were again slower than expected, and with the first major setback at Stalingrad in 1943, the long retreat from Russia began. A year later, the Western Allies started advancing on Germany. Hitler withdrew almost entirely from the public. His orders became increasingly incoherent; and recalling his earlier triumphs over the generals, he refused to listen to advice from his military counselors. He dreamed of miracle bombs and suspected treason everywhere. Under the slogan of total victory or total ruin, the entire German nation from young boys to old men was mobilized and sent to the front. After an unsuccessful assassination attempt by a group of former military men on July 20, 1944, the reign of fear tightened. In the last days of the Third Reich, with the Russian troops in the limits of Berlin, Hitler entered into a last stage of anxiety in his underground bunker in Berlin. He ordered Germany destroyed since it was not worthy of him. He dismissed his trusted lieutenants Himmler and Goring from the party; and made a last request to the German nation. Adolf Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, leaving the last bits of unconquered German territory to the command of non-Nazi Admiral Karl Doenitz. Bibliography Works Cited 1. Website, Biography.com Hitler 2. The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Third Edition, 1998 3. Time Magazine, January 2, 1939, Roles Minor 4. Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris. By Ian Kershaw. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998 Word Count: 1298
Terrorism in India is a World Problem.
This is my views about the Terrorism in India is a World Problem
The recent terror attack in Mumbai was condemned severely by various governments across the world.What is the effect of this attack.??
Well,financially India lost Rs.50,000 crores and the foreign inflow of funds had reduced which included the tourism that was affected to a great extent because of this and an article said Taj on which the attack was done has to shell out Rs.500 crores to bring back the lost beauty but on top of this we have lost the important element which is the precious human lives.There were some who did a brave act including Major UnniKrishnan and NSG Chief who lost their lives in order to protect innocent tourists.
Terrorism is something which all over the world is a major problem at the moment.Its effects are very much that it can detoriate a country's economy and can cause between the countries.Terrorists were not born but they were made in the name of religion.None of the religion preaches terrorism nor ask the followers to take the lives of other people but it was preached by worng leaders and innocent people fall as a prey and lose their lives and kill other people as well.
Terrorism is in different forms in various countries.In Somalia,it is done by pirates where they hijack lot of ships every now and then and get a hefty ransom because of which UNO has asked the member countries to counter attack this by sending their respective force.India has been doing this for a long time wherein Indian Navy has done a great job having prevented lot of ships being hijacked.China is sending its ships soon to that region.In Afganisthan,it was in the name of Taliban who almost ruined their own country.In Iraq,it was in the name of one dictator in the name of Sadam Hussein who is no more but the effect he has created in his won country,will take a decade atleast for that country to recover from its current position.
We saw the brutal attack on Twin Tower on September 11 in USA and did we not cry even though we were in different country.We saw people strggled and lost their lives right in front of our eyes and could do nothing which eventually led to atatck in Afganisthan by USA to demolish Mulla Omar's regime.If USA would have done this earlier,they wouldnt have lost their own people and again on the other hand at the present moment they are funding Pakistan for various causes including purchasing armaments having known the fact that renownmed teorrists like Osama Bin Laden and Dawood Ibrahim are very much based there.They havent done anything to curb these people who only made an atatck on Taj and killed the people of US and UK.We cant blame the Government of US or UK entirely because British Prime Minister Mr.Gordon Brown has condemned Pakistan and said it is done by them.Now people of US should join together to pressure their own Govt to act against terrorists based or camping in Pakistan because it is only us,the common people who can make this happen.
The attack on our own Indian Parliament was also one which again checked our patience.We were always united and doing action like these will make us even more unite and fight more strongly than ever against it.
Terrorism affects innocent people because people in Bangalore clearly witnessed the effect in UK bombing where in a Doctor was added as a Prime Suspect just because he is a Muslim and finally he was relieved after he proved himself as being innocent.There are many cases like this across the globe for years together.
Terrorists dont understand that by acting in the name of terrorism,they are bringing disgrace to their own religion and at the same time ruining their own country and people and when they are no more,hardly they could realise the damage they have done and if we have another life or the so called Spirits,these people will realise and make this world a safe and a peaceful place to live...
By
Sarath Babu S MBA,MCA
The recent terror attack in Mumbai was condemned severely by various governments across the world.What is the effect of this attack.??
Well,financially India lost Rs.50,000 crores and the foreign inflow of funds had reduced which included the tourism that was affected to a great extent because of this and an article said Taj on which the attack was done has to shell out Rs.500 crores to bring back the lost beauty but on top of this we have lost the important element which is the precious human lives.There were some who did a brave act including Major UnniKrishnan and NSG Chief who lost their lives in order to protect innocent tourists.
Terrorism is something which all over the world is a major problem at the moment.Its effects are very much that it can detoriate a country's economy and can cause between the countries.Terrorists were not born but they were made in the name of religion.None of the religion preaches terrorism nor ask the followers to take the lives of other people but it was preached by worng leaders and innocent people fall as a prey and lose their lives and kill other people as well.
Terrorism is in different forms in various countries.In Somalia,it is done by pirates where they hijack lot of ships every now and then and get a hefty ransom because of which UNO has asked the member countries to counter attack this by sending their respective force.India has been doing this for a long time wherein Indian Navy has done a great job having prevented lot of ships being hijacked.China is sending its ships soon to that region.In Afganisthan,it was in the name of Taliban who almost ruined their own country.In Iraq,it was in the name of one dictator in the name of Sadam Hussein who is no more but the effect he has created in his won country,will take a decade atleast for that country to recover from its current position.
We saw the brutal attack on Twin Tower on September 11 in USA and did we not cry even though we were in different country.We saw people strggled and lost their lives right in front of our eyes and could do nothing which eventually led to atatck in Afganisthan by USA to demolish Mulla Omar's regime.If USA would have done this earlier,they wouldnt have lost their own people and again on the other hand at the present moment they are funding Pakistan for various causes including purchasing armaments having known the fact that renownmed teorrists like Osama Bin Laden and Dawood Ibrahim are very much based there.They havent done anything to curb these people who only made an atatck on Taj and killed the people of US and UK.We cant blame the Government of US or UK entirely because British Prime Minister Mr.Gordon Brown has condemned Pakistan and said it is done by them.Now people of US should join together to pressure their own Govt to act against terrorists based or camping in Pakistan because it is only us,the common people who can make this happen.
The attack on our own Indian Parliament was also one which again checked our patience.We were always united and doing action like these will make us even more unite and fight more strongly than ever against it.
Terrorism affects innocent people because people in Bangalore clearly witnessed the effect in UK bombing where in a Doctor was added as a Prime Suspect just because he is a Muslim and finally he was relieved after he proved himself as being innocent.There are many cases like this across the globe for years together.
Terrorists dont understand that by acting in the name of terrorism,they are bringing disgrace to their own religion and at the same time ruining their own country and people and when they are no more,hardly they could realise the damage they have done and if we have another life or the so called Spirits,these people will realise and make this world a safe and a peaceful place to live...
By
Sarath Babu S MBA,MCA
INDIA VS PAKISTAN
India Vs. Pakistan
Global Warfare: India’s Nuclear Testing
Within the last decade, India and Pakistan’s ongoing struggle with Kashmir has peaked due to nuclear warfare testing. The testing not only aggravated the situation in Southern Asia, but has also worsened the global condition. Tension with Pakistan, lack of support from the United States, and non-prioritized money control are all reasons why India should halt nuclear testing.
The conflict between India and Pakistan has revolved around Kashmir. Kashmir is the pride of India; with its mountain ranges, beautiful landscape, fresh mountain air and lovely people. Kashmir is located at the extreme west of the country. At the time of Pakistan’s independence, the Muslim majority area of Kashmir was to be part of Pakistan. The majority of India practices the religion of Hinduism, but eighty percent of Kashmir practices the religion of Muslim. However, Kashmir did not become part of Pakistan because India claims it as Indian Territory. The people of Kashmir, the Pakistanis, and the United Nations reject the Indian claim.
Currently Pakistan governs about one-third of Kashmir while India administers the rest under military force. India has been ruling with brutal force towards the Kashmi
ashmiris. India’s streak of slaughters has resulted in more than thirty thousand deaths. In an attempt to halt the fatalities, government officials and political leaders from both countries have made numerous threats along the "Line of Control" in Kashmir, the Himalayan region that was at the center of two of three Indo-Pak wars.
The aggravation from the Kashmir conflict encouraged the advancement of nuclear testing. On May 11, 1998, India conducted nuclear weapons tests for the first time since 1974, and the Indian government declared it would maintain a nuclear weapons program. In response to India’s testing, Pakistan later ignited three nuclear devices of its own, setting off worldwide concerns about a nuclear war in the South Asian subcontinent.
Not only has the conflict effected these economies, but it also led them to ignore more important issues, such as poverty. Another fifty years after independence, India still has the largest number of poor people of any country in the world. Of its 950 million inhabitants, about 350 million are below the poverty line, 75 per cent of whom reside in the rural areas. More than 40 per cent of the population is illiterate, with women particularly affected. From the beginning of the planning proce
Global Warfare: India’s Nuclear Testing
Within the last decade, India and Pakistan’s ongoing struggle with Kashmir has peaked due to nuclear warfare testing. The testing not only aggravated the situation in Southern Asia, but has also worsened the global condition. Tension with Pakistan, lack of support from the United States, and non-prioritized money control are all reasons why India should halt nuclear testing.
The conflict between India and Pakistan has revolved around Kashmir. Kashmir is the pride of India; with its mountain ranges, beautiful landscape, fresh mountain air and lovely people. Kashmir is located at the extreme west of the country. At the time of Pakistan’s independence, the Muslim majority area of Kashmir was to be part of Pakistan. The majority of India practices the religion of Hinduism, but eighty percent of Kashmir practices the religion of Muslim. However, Kashmir did not become part of Pakistan because India claims it as Indian Territory. The people of Kashmir, the Pakistanis, and the United Nations reject the Indian claim.
Currently Pakistan governs about one-third of Kashmir while India administers the rest under military force. India has been ruling with brutal force towards the Kashmi
ashmiris. India’s streak of slaughters has resulted in more than thirty thousand deaths. In an attempt to halt the fatalities, government officials and political leaders from both countries have made numerous threats along the "Line of Control" in Kashmir, the Himalayan region that was at the center of two of three Indo-Pak wars.
The aggravation from the Kashmir conflict encouraged the advancement of nuclear testing. On May 11, 1998, India conducted nuclear weapons tests for the first time since 1974, and the Indian government declared it would maintain a nuclear weapons program. In response to India’s testing, Pakistan later ignited three nuclear devices of its own, setting off worldwide concerns about a nuclear war in the South Asian subcontinent.
Not only has the conflict effected these economies, but it also led them to ignore more important issues, such as poverty. Another fifty years after independence, India still has the largest number of poor people of any country in the world. Of its 950 million inhabitants, about 350 million are below the poverty line, 75 per cent of whom reside in the rural areas. More than 40 per cent of the population is illiterate, with women particularly affected. From the beginning of the planning proce
PAKIISTAN
All about Pakistan
The Muslim world is a vast and immense mass of land sprawling from West Africa to southern Philippines far in the Pacific. Its northern limits reach as far as the Volga River in Russia while southern frontiers run up to Mozambique in South-East Africa in the Indian Ocean. In China, Muslims are in substantial numbers in the provinces bordering Burma and in the districts around Peking. Total population of Muslims in the world is estimated at one billion. This paper deals with a small segment of this vast world, in a region called Pakistan. Pakistan in different forms and in different backgrounds has appeared many times in these very regions and endured longer than other independent states of the Asian sub-continent, making enormous contribution to civilization. It has, perhaps, witnessed more invasions than any other part of the world, absorbed more racial strains than any other region and more ideas have taken birth in the heart of this land than elsewhere.
It was in the lands of the Indus Valley Civilization where Pakistan flourised with its main cities in the Sind, Punjab, Baluch, and Pathan regions. It was here where the Buddhist culture blossomed and reached the Pathan region, it also reached its peak under the Kushans a
The Muslim world is a vast and immense mass of land sprawling from West Africa to southern Philippines far in the Pacific. Its northern limits reach as far as the Volga River in Russia while southern frontiers run up to Mozambique in South-East Africa in the Indian Ocean. In China, Muslims are in substantial numbers in the provinces bordering Burma and in the districts around Peking. Total population of Muslims in the world is estimated at one billion. This paper deals with a small segment of this vast world, in a region called Pakistan. Pakistan in different forms and in different backgrounds has appeared many times in these very regions and endured longer than other independent states of the Asian sub-continent, making enormous contribution to civilization. It has, perhaps, witnessed more invasions than any other part of the world, absorbed more racial strains than any other region and more ideas have taken birth in the heart of this land than elsewhere.
It was in the lands of the Indus Valley Civilization where Pakistan flourised with its main cities in the Sind, Punjab, Baluch, and Pathan regions. It was here where the Buddhist culture blossomed and reached the Pathan region, it also reached its peak under the Kushans a
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